ASSESSMENT ON THE EFFECTS OF COVID 19 ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

INTRODUCTION

Our focus in this chapter is to critically examine relevant literatures that would assist in explaining the research problem and furthermore recognize the efforts of scholars who had previously contributed immensely to similar research. The chapter intends to deepen the understanding of the study and close the perceived gaps.

Precisely, the chapter will be considered in three sub-headings:

• Conceptual Framework
• Theoretical Framework, and
• Empirical Review

2.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Origin of Covid-19

The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 is a pandemic disease. As of January 24, 2020, at least 830 cases were diagnosed in the China, Japan, Singapore, Thailand, South Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam, United States and Nepal in which twenty-six fatalities occurred, mainly in patients who had serious underlying illness [SARS-CoV-2, 2020]. Therefore, many details of the emergence of COVID-19 such as its origin and ability to spread among humans remain unknown, an increasing number of cases day by day appear to have resulted from human to human transmission [SARS-CoV-2, 2020]. China quickly responded and informed to World Health Organization for the outbreak and sharing sequence information with the international community after discovery of the causative agent. Quickly World Health Organization responds and coordinating diagnostic development and issuing guideline on patient monitoring, treatment and providing up to date information on the outbreak of COVID-19. Therefore, several countries are screening travelers from Wuhan for detect COVID-19 cases. All the airports in different countries including India put in screening mechanisms to detect infected people which returning from China or any other places. Countries including India who evacuated their citizens from Wuhan through special flights or had travelers returning from China placed all people symptomatic or otherwise in isolation for 14 day and tested them for the Coronavirus [UNESCO.org]. In fact on 12th February 2020, China changed the definition of confirmed cases of Coronavirus on the basis of the molecular tests but with radiological, clinical and epidemiologic features of COVID-19 leading to an increase in cases by 15,000 in a single day [UNESCO.org].

Mode of Transmission

People can be infected from COVID-19 through close contact with people who have symptoms of the virus which includes sneezing and cough. However, Coronavirus are generally spread via airborne zoonotic droplets and its replicate in ciliated epithelium which caused cellular damage and infection at infection site. Cascella et al. [SARS-CoV-2, 2020] has been reported that the transmission of COVID-19 occurs through the spread of airborne respiratory droplets by sneezing or coughing. Different studies are also suggested that the close contact between individuals can also result in Coronavirus transmission [Holcombe, 2020]. It’s also indicates the possible transmission in closed spaces due to elevated aerosol concentration . This virus can be transmitted through sneezing and coughing without covering the mouth can disperse in the minute droplets into the air, through touching or shaking hand with infected person, making contact with a surface or object that has the virus and then touching the mouth, nose or eyes [UNESCO.org].

Symptoms of Covid-19

Coronavirus disease may be classified into mild, moderate, severe and critical [Alvarez, P. 2020]. Infected patient have common cold, while few of them remain asymptomatic and 80 % patient shows mild symptoms of the disease [SARS-CoV-2, 2020]. The most common symptoms of COVID-19 patients include fever (98.6%), fatigue (69.6%), dry cough, and diarrhea [SARS-CoV-2, 2020]. These infections include dry cough, nasal congestion, sore throat, mild fever, muscle pain, headache and malaise [ Barranco 2020]. The less common symptoms are dizziness, diarrhea, nausea, headache and vomiting [SARS-CoV-2, 2020]. The corona virus patients with mild illness may present with symptoms of an upper respiratory tract viral infection [SARS-CoV-2, 2020]. However, adult have the best immunity against the COVID-19 infection but the demerit is that they are more likely to spread the infection [SARS-CoV-2, 2020]. A recent study in Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University has been identified among 140 patients that different types of symptom are lead to disease known as COVID-19 [Brummet, Q. 2014]. The risk of COVID-19 infection in pregnant woman is the same like general patients but as pregnancy is a state of immune suppression along with other physiological respiratory and immune changes might show more severe symptoms. The greatest risk of Coronavirus is in infected pregnant woman when she is in labor, especially if she is acutely ill. Hafeez et al. [Brummet, Q. 2014] has been reported that 99% of the COVID-19 patients develop a fever with extremely high temperature, while more than half experienced fatigue, dry cough and one-third of the patient developed a dry cough and difficulty in breathing. Bendix, [Brummet, Q. 2014] has been reported that Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) observes that around 80% of the COVID-19 cases are mild, around 15% of the patients have infected severe cases, and 5% have become critically ill. In the infected persons starting from first day of the symptom, the patient suffers from fever along with [Cliff, N. (1988] fatigue, muscle pain, and a dry cough. Few of them may experience nausea and diarrhea a few days before the arousal of symptoms. After fifth days patient may suffer from breathing problem especially if they are elderly or have some pre-existing health condition. According to the Wuhan University study after seventh day all these symptoms lead the patient to be admitted in the hospital. According to Chinese CDC in 15% patient after eight days develop acute respiratory distress syndrome and fluid fills in the lungs which causes severe effects. After tenth day in patients milder symptoms probably have loss of appetite and more abdominal pain. However, COVID19 patients with preexisting comorbidities have a higher case fatality rate. These comorbidities include respiratory disease (6.5%), diabetes (7.3%), hypertension (6%), cardiovascular disease (10.5%), [UNESCO.org] and oncological complications (5.6%). Patient without comorbidities have a lowest case fatality rate (0.9%) [SARS-CoV-2020] only small fractions are (mortality rate about 2%) die. However, the fatality rate are started to increase for those over 50 years of age. Those under 50 years who are infected have a death rate 0.40%, while for those 50-59 years its death rate is 1.3%. For those 60-69 years its 3.60%, for 70 to 79 years olds its 8.0% and for those over 80 years of age, it is 14.8% [UNESCO.org]. After two and a half weeks (17 days) patients who recover are discharged from the hospital [UNESCO.org].

Diagnosis of Covid-19

A suspected case of COVID-19 is defined as one with fever, cough and sore throat who has history of travel to infected areas or other areas of persistent local transmission or contact with patients with similar travel history or those with confirmed Coronavirus infected [Holcombe, M. 2020]. Therefore, infected peoples can be diagnosis on the basis of the common symptoms of COVID-19. The initial cases of Coronavirus infection in India testing strategy was included people who had international travel history with symptoms, symptomatic contacts of laboratory confirmed, and symptomatic healthcare workers managing respiratory distress/severe acute respiratory illness [Holcombe, M. 2020].

However, cases may be asymptomatic or even without fever. A confirmed case is a suspect case with a positive molecular test [Perlman, S 2020]. The doctor may decide whether to conduct tests for COVID-19 which based on individual signs and symptoms. The doctor may also consider whether an individual had close contact with someone diagnosed with COVID-19 or travelled to or lived in any areas with ongoing community spread of Coronavirus within last 14 days [Perlman, S 2020]. The specific diagnosis of COVID-19 can be done by specific molecular test on respiratory samples such as throat swab, sputum, nasopharyngeal swab, endotracheal aspirates and bronchoalveolar lavage [Perlman, S 2020]. Till now, COVID-19 infection was not confirmed in urine and fecal sample of the patients [WHO 2020 report]. The World health organization recommended that collecting samples from both lower and upper respiratory tracts it can be achieved through expectorated sputum, endotracheal aspirate or bronchoalveolar lavage [WHO 2020 report]. A paper-based test that may deliver results in less than half an hour. In this test a strip of paper required that is coated with antibodies this bind to a particular (COVID-19) protein. However, a second antibody is attached to gold nanoparticles, and therefore the patient’s sample is added to a solution of these particles. Then the test strip is dipped in this solution. If the viral protein (COVID-19) is present in the sample, it will be attached to the antibodies on the paper strip as well as the nanoparticles bound with antibodies, and a colored spot appear on the strip within 20 minutes (WHO 2020 report). These collected samples from respiratory tracts are then assessed for viral-RNA using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). If test result is positive, it is recommended to repeat test for the re-verification purposes. Whereas, negative test with a strong clinical suspicion also warrants for repeat testing [WHO 2020 report].

Preventive Measures Against Covid-19

According to general guidelines of WHO, COVID-19 infected patient should be separate from other family member in a single separate room, implementation of contact, droplet precaution, and airborne precaution, keeps physical distances till to recovering [WHO 2020 report]. European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) has been published the information to people for avoid contact with sick people, in particular those with a cough. Avoid visiting markets and places where live or dead animals are handled, wash your hand with soap and water or use an alcohol based disinfectant solution before eating, after using the toilet and after any contact with animal, avoid contact with animals, their excretions or droppings [WHO 2020 report]. It is essential to prevent the transmission of COVID-19 use the standard precautions which consist of hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and respiratory and cough etiquettes [WHO 2020 report]. Hand washing following the correct steps with soap and water should suffice, sanitizer should be alcohol based which containing 60-80 per cent ethanol, cloth towels should be avoided for drying hands and disposable tissue papers should be preferred [WHO 2020 report]. The personal protective equipment (PPE) consist of the medical masks or particulate respirators, goggles or face shields, gloves, gowns and shoes cover [WHO 2020 report]. Therefore, prevention from COVID-19 should be strictly fallow social distancing and uses personal protective equipment and sanitizer.

Covid-19 Therapy

Till now not any appropriate therapy of the COVID19, but sum therapies are in the clinical trial stages. Several clinical trials of the possible treatment of Coronavirus are underway which are based on antiviral, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory drugs, cell therapy, antioxidants and other therapies [WHO 2020 report]. However, there are no any evidences that antibiotic prophylaxis can prevent bacterial superinfection, and indeed no evidences of a diagnostic role of procalcitonin in COVID-19 patients [UNESCO 2020]. The anticoagulation therapy is recommended in COVID-19 patients with early-stage, especially when the D-dimer value is 4 time higher than normal. In the second-generation antiretroviral drug combination lopinavir/ritonavir inhibits the viral protease. These combinations are widely available and drug interaction and safety profile are well established. The efficacy of lopinavir/ritonavir against SARSCoV has been demonstrated [UNESCO 2020], and these drugs are also seemed to reduce the viral load in COVID-19 patient [26,27]. However, the clinical evidence for this combination therapy is remains limited, as suggested by case reports [UNESCO 2020]. Cao et al. [ 2020] observed no clinical benefit of lopinavir/ritonavir beyond standard care. In China remdesivir was successfully used in the several cases of COVID-19 patient [UNESCO 2020]. However, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are used in the treatment of the amoebiasis and malaria. These drugs show a good tolerability profile. The various studies have been demonstrated that chloroquine activity in vitro and in animal models against SARS-CoV [32,33] and avian influenza [Huang, C.; Wang et al 2020], some studies also have the evidences of their efficacy in COVID-19 patients. The suggested dosages are 500 mg BID for the chloroquine and 200 mg BID for hydroxychloroquine. For the optimal treatment, a loading dose should be administered and followed by a maintenance dose. In highly COVID-19 infected patient’s oxygen therapy will be required if hypoxia is present or if symptoms of respiratory distress become evident. However, oxygen therapy is generally administered through a nasal cannula, a face mask or noninvasive ventilation. Therefore, on the basis of partial positive result in treatment of COVID-19, common drugs like lopinavir, ritonavir, remdesivir, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine can be used for prevention till to perfect medicines/ vaccinations. Huang, C.; Wang et al 2020

Global Responses to Coronavirus Pandemic

A proactive response is critical to the containment of any disease outbreak, but the coronavirus took the world by surprise and most countries were not prepared initially for the pandemic, including the world powers. Shortly after the outbreak of COVID-19, the World Health Organization (W.H.O) issued guidelines and updates on how to mitigate the spread of the pandemic, and thereafter, many countries adopted different measures in addition to the W.H.O guidelines to contain the spread of the disease. There were lockdowns in most parts of the world, and people were asked to work from home. Some countries even deployed their military to enforce coronavirus restrictions, and to reduce the number of covidiots. There were increased demands for health equipment including, protective gowns, sanitizers, face masks and hand gloves. Countries like the United States and the U.K also opened their visitation doors for medical professionals such as doctors and nurses who were working or willing to treat the effects of COVID-19. Also, large gatherings and sporting activities were suspended at both local and international levels. Big sporting events like the prestigious European Champions League games were played behind closed doors before they were suspended. Global responses to Coronavirus pandemic were varied from country to country, but most countries endorsed the closure of school strategy as a means to contain the spread of COVID-19. Some selected COVID-19 responses across the world particularly as it relates to the closure of schools due to Coronavirus are highlighted below: In the United States, many schools were closed down, and scheduled tests and examinations were also cancelled. The report shows that some of the schools closed down for Coronavirus in the U.S might not resume back for the rest of the academic year (Madeline, 2020). New York and the California States were among the worst-hit states in the U.S and the number of cases increased steadily despite strong measures put in place by both the federal and state governments to contain the pandemic. At a point, the country surpassed China in the number of cases of Coronavirus, but the country is determined to defeat the pandemic. School closures in the U.S affected over 60 million students in the country. In Spain, about 11 million students were affected by school closures for mitigation of the spread of Coronavirus. Regional governments in the country closed down schools in response to the increased cases of Coronavirus in the country. The closure of schools in Spain particularly in Madrid led to the suspension of job contracts for people who work at school cafeterias and in special education (El Pais, 2020). The closure of schools in Spain was very necessary considering that the country lost 849 people in a day due to Coronavirus. In Saudi Arabia, Middle East Monitor (2020), reported that schools and universities across the kingdom were ordered to close down for Coronavirus by the Ministry of Education. The government however, directed that “Virtual schools and distance education be activated to ensure that the educational process continues in an effective and quality manner”. In Australia, Michael (2020) reported that dozens of independent schools were shutdown at New South Wales while some moved to online classes. Students learn from home, while some schools were opened but implemented strong measures to ensure social distancing strategy. The opening of schools amidst the coronavirus pandemic was backed by the Australian government. The Prime Minister openly announced that schools remained open because the government believes that “children are at very low risk from coronavirus, and the closing of schools could have crippling effects on their health sector and the economy”. The government cited solid health case for keeping schools open, but teachers and parents were worried (ABC News, 2020). The country also banned outdoor gathering of more than 2 people, while 18 billion dollars was also approved to mitigate the spread and effects of the Coronavirus. In Italy, schools were shutdown indefinitely, and the military were deployed to help enforce restrictions. However, despite the measures put in place by the government towards curbing the spread of Coronavirus, the country became an epicenter for the outbreak and recorded 969 coronavirus deaths in a single day. In India, all schools and educational institutions were closed down and the government imposed “Janata” Curfew which restricted all citizens to stay at home to contain the spread of Coronavirus. The police also went round some cities to create public awareness about the pandemic. In France, the government ordered the closure of all schools in a televised broadcast by President Macron. The measure was in response to the increased health crisis in the country due to coronavirus. The country was badly affected just like their counterparts in many parts of the world. The Coronavirus were reported to have originated from Wuhan, China and it was the epicenter at the beginning of the outbreak. Schools and other public institutions were shutdown to mitigate the spread of the virus. The closure of schools and other measures put in place by the government proved effective and the pandemic was contained to a large extent. The country also closed its borders with some neighbouring countries. In Iran, the government closed all schools as part of the preventive measures to halt the spread of coronavirus. Although, the country was among the epicenter of the coronavirus outbreak, and the death tolls in the country were high. The coronavirus increased Iran’s economic problems, having been faced with economic sanctions from the West earlier. In Senegal, schools were shutdown to limit the spread of COVID-19. The country was the first sub-Saharan African country to close down schools due to coronavirus. In South Africa, the government directed all schools to close down in response to the coronavirus pandemic. This is in addition to the prohibition of social gatherings of more than 100 people. New cases were reported in the country and campaigns for behavioral changes were carried out to reduce the spread of the disease. In Germany, schools were shutdown in response to the spread of coronavirus. The death rate due to coronavirus was reported to be low compared to their neighbours. The country also earmarked more than 800 billion dollars to fight the pandemic. In Russia, Schools were shutdown, and several other measures were taken to halt the pandemic. The death toll for coronavirus in Russia was reported to be low, but measures were put in place to contain the pandemic. In Nigeria, the federal government ordered a total close down of all schools. The decision was largely applauded, and the National University Commission (NUC), a regulatory body for all universities in Nigeria also gave a follow-up directive to all universities in the country to shutdown. The government also suspended social gatherings, and workers were asked to work from home. An Italian who was reported to be the first case of coronavirus in Nigeria was successfully treated and discharged according to the government, but new cases emerged thereafter. Thus, the country needs to do more in terms of disaster preparedness and response. In Ghana, schools were shutdown to contain the spread of coronavirus disease. The government also released 100 million US dollars to enhance the fight against the pandemic. The country reacted proactively to contain the spread of the Virus. In Madagascar, the country has recorded zero COVID-19 death so far, and the country has claimed a breakthrough in Herbal medicine for COVID-19 treatment. However, the WHO issued warned that such claim has not been scientifically approved and cannot be recommended by the organization as cure for COVID-19. It is important to note that while many countries were shutting down schools, some others like Singapore, Sweden, Brazil, and Australia kept their schools open as a kind of strategy to contain the contagion. The untimely closure of schools was good supportive measures to contain the spread of the disease, but it also had some adverse consequences on millions of students globally who were faced with multiple challenges in their education.

2.2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Organizational crises and crisis management

Literature on organizational crisis management has taken many different directions in recent years. It ranges from different perspectives (finance, accounting, management; Hale et al., 2005), strategic responses to a crisis (Baron et al., 2005) and handling of employees (Harvey and Haines Iii, 2005). Some crisis literature deals with crises caused by companies (Bundy et al., 2017), while other literature deals with the effects of natural disasters (Park et al., 2013; Runyan, 2006). Researchers have highlighted the overall characteristics of a crisis (Runyan, 2006). These include surprising changes in a system or to its parts (Greiner, 1989), a threat to the organizations’ existence (Witte, 1981), a large amount of involved stakeholders (Elliott and McGuinness, 2002), low probability of occurrence and great influence and little time for decision-making (Hills, 1998; Pearson and Clair, 1998). Research on the outcome of a crisis deals with different areas such as the changed relationship with stakeholders after the crisis (Coombs, 2007; Elsbach, 1994; Pfarrer et al., 2008) or the adaptation and learning effects of companies and survival in crisis situations (Lampelet al., 2009; Veil, 2011; D’Aveni and MacMillan, 1990). Crises do not always have only negative implications for stakeholders. Research also highlights the potential positive effects of crises and disasters. These situations help to stimulate the innovation approaches of companies and identify new markets (Faulkner, 2001). Research shows that management’s view of whether the crisis is a threat or an opportunity is of particular importance regarding how managers handle the situation. Managers who primarily see a danger in crises usually react emotionally and operate with a sense of reduced opportunities in mind. On the other hand, crises can also be perceived positively and lead to a flexible and open working approach in management (Brockner and James, 2008; Dane and Pratt, 2007; James and Wooten, 2005). In general, a crisis can be viewed from an internal and an external perspective. Three main process steps apply here: pre-crisis prevention, crisis management and post-crisis outcomes (Bundy et al., 2017). In their recent work, Wenzel et al. (2020) propose four strategic crisis responses, which we use as a framework for our analysis:

(1) Retrenchment means that firms take measures to reduce their costs (Pearce and Robbins, 1993) and complexity (Benner and Zenger, 2016). Both positive and negative consequences can emerge from retrenchment. As a direct response to a crisis situation, cost-cutting measures have an especially positive effect on maintaining liquidity and providing a solid foundation for long-term recovery (Pearce and Robbins, 1994). On the other hand, retrenchment strategies are often attributed to decreased performance (Barker and Duhaime, 1997). Especially in the case of longlasting crises, this strategy ensures a change in resource use and company culture (Ndofor et al., 2013).

(2) Persevering focuses on maintaining the firm’s ongoing operations. Stieglitz et al. (2016) explain the positive effects of a persevering strategy by the fact that frequent strategic changes reduce the value of a strategic renewal. Wenzel et al. (2020) summarize that the core of this strategy is not to start a strategic renewal at the wrong time, and that its success is linked to the duration of a crisis. The longer the crisis lasts, the scarcer the financial resources become.

(3) Innovating focuses on the strategic renewal of the business. A crisis enables companies to think openly about new things (Roy et al., 2018). It may even help firms overcome organizational inertia and reflect upon the viability of the business model (Ucakturk € et al., 2011). As firms recognize which parts of their business model are more robust than others (i.e. certain product or service lines, particular value creation approaches, or particular revenue models, c.f. (Clauss, 2017)), opportunities for business model innovation may be identified. Research shows that business model innovation is triggered by external developments such as changes in the competitive environment (Clauss et al., 2019) or new technologies (Pateli and Giaglis, 2005). Wenzel et al. (2020) summarize that innovating is a coping strategy that has sustainable effects and may make the company stronger for the future (e.g. for situations where new ways to create revenue are needed). However, low liquidity during a crisis is noted by the authors as a limiting factor. Especially as time goes by, managers here can miss the chance to make strategic change.

(4) Exit is the last possible reaction if other strategies are deemed unsuccessful. Nevertheless, a successful business exit can free up new resources (Carnahan, 2017) and create fresh opportunities. Exit in other words can lead to strategic renewal and the foundation of a new firm (Ren et al., 2019).

2.3 EMPIRICAL REVIEW

Edeh Michael et al (2020) carried out a study to investigates the impact of COVID-19 on education. Data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to 200 respondents that consist of teachers, students, parents, and policy makers selected from different countries. The collected data were analyzed using STATA/Regression. The results show that COVID-19 has adverse effects on education including, learning disruptions, and decreased access to education and research facilities, Job losses and increased student debts. The findings also show that many educators and students relied on technology to ensure continued learning online during the Coronavirus pandemic. However, online education was hindered by poor infrastructures including, network, power, inaccessibility and unavailability issues and poor digital skills. The study underscores the damaging effects of COVID-19 on education sector and the need for all educational institutions, educators, and learners to adopt technology, and improve their digital skills in line with the emerging global trends and realities in education.

Bhawna Srivastava et al (2020) carried out a study that was aimed to explore the KAP (knowledge, attitude and practice) adopted by the university students of Madhya Pradesh (India) towards prevention of Covid-19 pandemic. The authors performed an online survey with 776 students using a self-designed semi-structured questionnaire. The results found that students had a moderate to a high level of knowledge about the Covid -19 and sufficient knowledge regarding its preventive measures. The authors could not find any significant correlation between attitude and the socio-demographic variable (sex, age, qualification, and level of education) at (p < 0.05). The majority of the respondents admitted that they always wore a face mask and adopted the practice of going to crowded places and washing their hands with soap or sanitizer before and after touching of objects and suspicious people. In conclusion, authors found that more than two-third of university students have adequate knowledge of the Covid-19. Authors could not detect any statistically significant difference in the level of knowledge about Covid-19 among the participants irrespective of their academic qualifications. Authors suggest conducting follow up studies involving teaching and non-teaching staff in the schools and colleges of the state and country.

The work of Pradeep Kumar (2020) aimed on the systematic review of literature to summarize the evidence regarding COVID-19, symptoms, pathogenesis and prevention/treatment. His findings were thus on Coronavirus (COVID-19) stated that “Covid-19 is an important public health emergency of international concern. Firstly COVID-19 was isolated from Wuhan market in China at 7 Jan. 2020. As of this time, there is no known effective pharmaceutical treatment; although it is much needed for patient contracting severs form of the disease. This virus causes respiratory infection in human including sneezing, coughing, cold and pneumonia while in animal it causes diarrhea and upper respiratory diseases. COVID-19 is transmitted human to human or human to animal via airborne droplets. This disease can be diagnosis on the basis of travel history from infected areas, common symptom or by laboratory confirmations. WHO advised to avoid public place, close contact to Coronavirus infected persons, wearing mask, sanitizing hands and maintain social distancing for prevention. It’s also advised infected pensions keep in quarantine center for 14 days or separate from other family member to single separate room, implementation of contact, droplet precaution, and airborne precaution, keep physical distances. Some countries are also using lopinavir/ritonavir, remdesivir, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine drugs for treatment of Coronavirus but these are not efficient in cure of this disease”

Francesco Di Gennaro et al (2020) performed a narrative review to describe existing literature with regard to Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, management and future perspective. MEDLINE, EMBASE and Scopus databases were searched for relevant articles. According to them, only when the pandemic ends it will be possible to assess the full health, social and economic impact of this global disaster, their review represents a picture of the current state of the art. In particular, the study focused on public health impact, pathophysiology and clinical manifestations, diagnosis, case management, emergency response and preparedness.

Aras Bozkurt et al (2020) study was a collaborative reaction that narrates the overall view, reflections from the K12 and higher educational landscape, lessons learned and suggestions from a total of 31 countries across the world with a representation of 62.7% of the whole world population. The value of each case by country, the synthesis of the research suggested that the current practices can be defined as emergency remote education and this practice is different from planned practices such as distance education, online learning or other derivations. Above all, this study points out how social injustice, inequity and the digital divide have been exacerbated during the pandemic and need unique and targeted measures if they are to be addressed. While there are support communities and mechanisms, parents are overburdened between regular daily/professional duties and emerging educational roles, and all parties are experiencing trauma, psychological pressure and anxiety to various degrees, which necessitates a pedagogy of care, affection and empathy. In terms of educational processes, the interruption of education signifies the importance of openness in education and highlights issues that should be taken into consideration such as using alternative assessment and evaluation methods as well as concerns about surveillance, ethics, and data privacy resulting from nearly exclusive dependency on online solutions.

Theophilus Anaekenwa et al, 2020) carried out an investigation of the effect of Covid-19 on accounting education in Sub-Sahara Africa, and employed exploratory research, using systematic and qualitative method for the investigation. To achieve the aim of the study, secondary sources of related writings on coronavirus were reviewed, and these cut across China, European countries, and Sub-Sahara Africa. The forecasts, projections and possible global effects of COVID-19 on the global economy, African economy, and accounting education in Sub-Sahara Africa were reviewed. Studies of scholars, international bodies of the International Monetary Fund, World Bank Group were equally reviewed. The study revealed that COVID-19 had a significant effect on effective tertiary, accounting education and the academic system and this can lead to dangerous social upheavals in the future, as youths dropouts of the education system, unable to engage in actively learning could cause uncertainty about their future prospects. The study also revealed that COVID-19 had significant effect on nations’ economies that could lead to global economic recession and that Sub-Sahara Africa may face acute food scarcity, starvations, fiscal crisis at the federal and regional levels, and extraordinary depletion of external reserves of countries in this region. COVID-19 could result in poor education funding and drop in the quality of accounting education in the region. There is urgent need for more investments in the online teaching facilities at this time, to enhance students' and teachers’ capacity for learning and teaching.

Agus Purwanto et al (2020) research was to explore the Covid-19 Pandemic’s Impact on the Students of Indonesian Universities Performance. The Research used qualitative approach. In the research, selected participant were 6 students of universities in Indonesia. For confidentiality purposes, respondents were given the initials P1,P2,P3,P4,P5 and P6 Semi- structured interviews were conducted and a list of questions compiled for interviews was developed based on the related literature. The results of the study showed that there are impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on the Students of Indonesian universities performance such as Some of the negative effects of Covid-19 are that many students have psychological impact. Moreover, the presence of Corona virus makes this more likely to have an impact on anxiety disorder symptoms, a lot of income in a family is lost, which makes a reduction in allowance. If there is no guidance by an expert then many students who do the learning are not optimal. maybe there is only 1 target that the student wants to achieve, such as absence. There is no attempt to look for learning in the online. The inadequate of independent learning intentions like this can have an impact on material that is not understood by students. And when they go back to take the exam or study again, students miss and do not understand the material. some students and lecturers are not yet familiar with using internet technology or social media as a learning tool, and there are many students who are studying while doing their lectures.

The work of Khandaker Mursheda (2020) aimed to investigate the knowledge and perceptions of about COVID-19 in Bangladesh. The study was a cross sectional design with mixed method approach. Appropriate statistical analysis was performed as the Chi-square test was used to investigate the level of association among variables. A total of 435 completed the study questionnaire, including (71.26.6%) men and (28.73%) women, and most of them were age range 41-50 years of age (80.45%). Respondents were doctors (31.18%), medical students (29.88%), public service (7.35%) and from other professions (30.57%). All of the participants agreed that they heard about COVID-19 (97.8%). Most of them used social media to obtain regarding the COVID-19 information. A significant proportion had poor knowledge of its transmission and symptoms onset and showed a positive perception of COVID-19 prevention and control. Factors such as profession and age were correlated with inadequate knowledge and poor perception of COVID-19. The findings of the study suggest significant knowledge gaps between the amount of information available about COVID-19 and the depth of knowledge among the healthcare personnel and general people, particularly about the mode of transmission and incubation period of COVID-19. As the global threat of COVID-19 continues to emerge, it is critical to improving knowledge and perceptions among the general people and healthcare professionals in Bangladesh.

Sascha Kraus et al (2020) carried out an empirical study on the effects of the COVID-19 crisis on family firms allows initial conclusions to be drawn about family firm crisis management. Exploratory qualitative research design based on 27 semi-structured interviews with key informants of family firms of all sizes in five Western European countries that are in different stages of the crisis. The findings showed that the Covid-19 crisis represents a new type and quality of challenge for companies. These companies are applying measures that can be assigned to three different strategies to adapt to the crisis in the short term and emerge from it stronger in the long run. The findings show how companies in all industries and of all sizes adapt their business models to changing environmental conditions within a short period of time. Finally, the findings also show that the crisis is bringing about a significant yet unintended cultural change. On the one hand, a stronger solidarity and cohesion within the company was observed, while on the other hand, the crisis has led to a tentative digitalization. It provides cross-national evidence of family firms’ current reactions to the crisis.

In article reports findings of Aliriza Arënliu, (2020) from an online survey conducted with the students of the University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina” on the level of psychological distress as a result of movement restriction of citizens during the COVID-19 pandemics. The study was conducted using the google form as form of assessment. The form was distributed to the first-year students of the bachelor program of the Department of Psychology at the University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina" and other students in the University. In total, n = 158 participants completed the questionnaire. In terms of psychological stress findings, 50.6% of students do not have any psychological distress, 24.7% report mild psychological distress, 13.3% report moderate psychological distress and 11.4 report severe psychological distress. Findings indicate a trend that respondents who spend more time in social media or watching films compared to those reporting talking to someone in person or online, report more moderate or severe psychological distress. Similar trend is found also for students who report low motivation for online studies. These findings and results may change in the coming weeks, since at the beginning of the pandemic process, individuals may have more psychological resources, which may change in the following weeks. It is necessary for such research to be repeated in the weeks ahead and further, taking into account developments related to the Covid-19 pandemic. In addition to public health interventions or measures that focus on preventing COVID-19 virus infections, interventions in protecting public mental health in these challenging times are also important.

Rina Maryanti et al (2020) carried out a study to assess students with special needs’ understanding of the size and shape of the COVID-19 as a particle. This study was conducted by giving 60 questions to the students to investigate their level of understanding. To ensure the evaluation precisely, the students from four special needs schools in Kuningan District in Indonesia were assisted by their parents when answering the questions. Different levels of the students’ understanding were obtained. As many as 8 students (or 35% of students) scored below 70, while 15 students (or 65% of the students) scored more than 70. Students aged 15 years had the lowest average score of 4.7, while students aged 8 years had the highest average score of 9.2. Most of the students with special needs understood that COVID-19 is a small particle, however, the strategies for improving their understanding need special techniques.

Onman Debar (2020) carried out a research to investigate the level of Covid-19 awareness among students Narobi. the research adopted a survey method in gathering information from the respondents. 500 students were used as the population of the student. The research findings showed that 433 students out of the total population of 500 are fully aware of the Covid-19.